Examples of obligate anaerobes are Bacteroides and Clostridium species. Compare: obligate aerobe. Proteins have a crucial role in various biological activities. Get to know how proteins are able to perform as enzymes,.. Homeostasis is essential to maintain conditions within the tolerable limits.
Otherwise, the body will fail to function p.. Life, as we know it today, is presumed to have started in the sea and many of them were likely eukaryotic animal-like or.. Dinosaurs represented a major turn in the evolutionary development of organisms on Earth. The first dinosaurs were presu.. Sawyer, R. The peritoneal environment during infection.
The effect of monomicrobial and polymicrobial bacteria on pO 2 and pH. Renvall, S. Intraperitoneal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in experimental adhesion disease and peritonitis.
Smalley, D. Aerobic-type ribonucleotide reductase in the anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis. Whitham, J. Metabolic response of Clostridium ljungdahlii to oxygen exposure.
Talukdar, P. Updates on the sporulation process in Clostridium species. Tracy, B. Clostridia : the importance of their exceptional substrate and metabolite diversity for biofuel and biorefinery applications. Kint, N. How the anaerobic enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile tolerates low O 2 tensions.
This study shows that Clostridioides difficile responds to O 2 exposure by inducing enzymes that scavenge O 2 and H 2 O 2. Kawasaki, S. Adaptive responses to oxygen stress in obligatory anaerobes Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium aminovalericum. Fournier, M. Function of oxygen resistance proteins in the anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough.
Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R. A flavo-diiron protein from Desulfovibrio vulgaris with oxidase and nitric oxide reductase activities. Evidence for an in vivo nitric oxide scavenging function.
Rowan, F. Desulfovibrio bacterial species are increased in ulcerative colitis. Johnson, M. Oxygen-dependent growth of the obligate anaerobe Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough. Le Fourn, C. An oxygen reduction chain in the hyperthermophilic anaerobe Thermotoga maritima highlights horizontal gene transfer between Thermococcales and Thermotogales. Thorgersen, M. Mechanism of oxygen detoxification by the surprisingly oxygen-tolerant hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus.
Strand, K. Oxidative stress protection and the repair response to hydrogen peroxide in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and in related species. McCord, J. An enzyme-based theory of obligate anaerobiosis: the physiological function of superoxide dismutase. USA 68 , — Chance, B. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Jenney, F. Anaerobic microbes: oxygen detoxification without superoxide dismutase.
Science , — Niviere, V. Discovery of superoxide reductase: an historical perspective. Degli Esposti, M. Oxygen reductases in alphaproteobacterial genomes: physiological evolution from low to high oxygen environments. Weiss, M. The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Morris, R. Shallow breathing: bacterial life at low O 2. Wildschut, J.
Rubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase enhances survival of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough under microaerophilic conditions. Victor, B. Dioxygen and nitric oxide pathways and affinity to the catalytic site of rubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas. Sund, C. The Bacteroides fragilis transcriptome response to oxygen and H 2 O 2 : the role of OxyR and its effect on survival and virulence.
Meehan, B. Inactivation of a single gene enables microaerobic growth of the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis. Lu, Z. The fumarate reductase of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , unlike that of Escherichia coli , is configured so that it does not generate reactive oxygen species.
Borisov, V. The cytochrome bd respiratory oxygen reductases. Acta , — Das, A. Cytochrome bd oxidase, oxidative stress, and dioxygen tolerance of the strictly anaerobic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica.
Ligeza, A. Oxygen permeability of thylakoid membranes: electron paramagnetic resonance spin labeling study. Wexler, H. Bacteroides : the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Poole, R. Respiratory protection of nitrogenase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii — roles of the terminal oxidases. Rakoff-Nahoum, S. The evolution of cooperation within the gut microbiota. Chen, L. A flavodiiron protein and high molecular weight rubredoxin from Moorella thermoacetica with nitric oxide reductase activity.
Biochemistry 42 , — Silva, G. Analysis of the Desulfovibrio gigas transcriptional unit containing rubredoxin rd and rubredoxin—oxygen oxidoreductase roo genes and upstream ORFs.
Spellerberg, B. Pyruvate oxidase, as a determinant of virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Seki, M. Hydrogen peroxide production in Streptococcus pyogenes : involvement of lactate oxidase and coupling with aerobic utilization of lactate. Baughn, A. The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen. This paper demonstrates that the cytochrome bd oxidase of B.
Kim, J. FEMS Microbiol. Thauer, R. Methyl alkyl -coenzyme M reductases: nickel Fcontaining enzymes involved in anaerobic methane formation and in anaerobic oxidation of methane or of short chain alkanes. Biochemistry 58 , — Wagner, A.
The free radical in pyruvate formate-lyase is located on glycine USA 89 , — Shibata, N. Molecular architectures and functions of radical enzymes and their re activating proteins. Sawers, G. A glycyl radical solution: oxygen-dependent interconversion of pyruvate formate-lyase. Naqui, A. Reactive oxygen intermediates in biochemistry. Knappe, J. Pyruvate formate-lyase mechanism involving the protein-based glycyl radical. Zhang, W. Inactivation of pyruvate formate-lyase by dioxygen: defining the mechanistic interplay of glycine and cysteine by rapid freeze-quench EPR.
Biochemistry 40 , — This paper details how O 2 cleaves the PFL polypeptide. Imlay, J. The molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of oxidative stress: lessons from a model bacterium. Gardner, P. Superoxide sensitivity of the Escherichia coli aconitase. Hausladen, A. Superoxide and peroxynitrite inactivate aconitases, but nitric oxide does not. Endogenous superoxide is a key effector of the oxygen sensitivity of a model obligate anaerobe.
USA , E—E Frey, M. Hydrogenases: hydrogen-activating enzymes. Chembiochem 3 , — Ragsdale, S. Pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase and its radical intermediate. Pandelia, M. Evolution and diversification of Group 1 [NiFe] hydrogenases. Is there a phylogenetic marker for O 2 -tolerance?
Kubas, A. Instead, it primarily oxidizes reduced flavins, a reaction that is harmful only in that it generates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as products. These species are stronger oxidants than is oxygen itself. They can oxidize dehydratase iron-sulphur clusters and sulphydryls, respectively, and thereby inactivate enzymes that are dependent upon these functional groups.
Hydrogen peroxide also oxidizes free iron, generating hydroxyl radicals. Because hydroxyl radicals react with virtually any biomolecules they encounter, their reactivity is broadly dissipated, and only their reactions with DNA are known to have an important physiological impact.
Some of the growth deficits of these mutants cannot be easily ascribed to sulphydryl, cluster, or DNA damage, indicating that important aspects of oxidative stress still lack a biochemical explanation.
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